How phytoplankton rule the oceans
Biology
Environment
Photosynthesis is a unique biological process that has permitted the colonization of land and sea by plants and phytoplankton respectively. While the mechanisms of photosynthesis in plants are well understood, scientists are only now beginning to elucidate how the process developed in phytoplankton. In collaboration with scientists from several countries,1 researchers from the Cell and Plant Physiology Laboratory (CNRS/CEA/UGA/Inra),2 the Institut de Biologie Structurale (CNRS/CEA/UGA), the LEMMA Advanced Electron Microscopy Laboratory (CEA/UGA),3 and the Laboratory of Membrane and Molecular Physiology of the Chloroplast (CNRS/UPMC) have proposed a structural model of the photosynthetic process in phytoplankton, based on studies of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Their findings are published in Nature Communications on June 20, 2017.
Photosynthesis is a remarkable mechanism for the transformation of light energy into chemical energy. Two miniature photochemical power plants make it possible: photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII). But ideal conditions demand that PSI and PSII be kept apart, to avoid any “short circuits” that would make photosynthesis less effective. In plants, the two photosystems are separated by structures (see image A) that do not seem to exist in phytoplankton (see image B). But then how can phytoplankton be responsible for half of all photosynthesis on our planet?
By adapting different high-resolution cellular imaging methods to Phaeodactylum tricornutum, the researchers were able to create a 3D model of the photosynthetic system in diatoms (see image C). They detected microscopic subdomains, permitting separation—as in plants—of the two photosystems for greater efficiency. These findings explain how diatoms may account for approximately 20% of all oxygen production on Earth, and why they have thrived in the oceans for about 100 million years.
The researchers are continuing to develop their 3D model of diatom photosynthesis, which should enable them to understand how these unicellular organisms may adapt to the effects of climate change.
Image A: Electron micrograph of a plant chloroplast revealing its internal structure of grana (shown in yellow), where PSII predominates, and lamellae (shown in green), where PSI is concentrated. This organization is not found in diatoms (see image B).
Image B: Micrograph of P. tricornutum cell showing photosynthetic membranes that are not organized into grana.
Image C: This 3D reconstruction of the photosynthetic membranes reveals membrane subdomains allowing for physical separation of PSI (outside; green) and PSII (inside; yellow) units. The white arrow points to bridges connecting these subdomains, for maximum photosynthetic yield.
© Pascal Martinez, CEA BIG.
Bibliography
Plastid thylakoid architecture optimises photosynthesis in diatoms. Flori S, Jouneau PH, Bailleul B, Gallet B, Estrozi LF, Moriscot C, Bastien O, Eicke S, Schober A, Río Bártulos C, Maréchal E, Kroth PG, Petroutsos D, Zeeman S, Breyton C, Schoehn G, Falconet D, Finazzi G. Nature Communications. 2017 June 20. doi:10.1038/NCOMMS15885. View web site
Contact
Denis Falconnet
CNRS researcher
Giovanni Finazzi
CNRS researcher
